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References

  1. Adamo ML, Farrar RP. Resistance training and IGF involvement in the maintenance of muscle mass during the aging process. Ageing Research Reviews 2006; 5: 310-311 (link)

  2. Bamman MM, Clarke MSF, Feeback DL, Talmadge RJ, Stevens BR, Lieberman SA, Greenisen MC.  Impact of resistance exercise during bed rest on skeletal muscle sarcopenia and myosin isoform distribution.  Journal of Applied Physiology 1998; 84:  157-163 (link)

  3. Basu R, Basu A, Nair KS.  Muscle changes in aging.  The Journal of Nutrition, Health, & Aging 2002; 6:  336-341 (link)

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  5. Bross R, Javanbakht M, Bhasin S. Anabolic interventions for aging-associated sarcopenia. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 1999; 84: 3420-3430. (link)

  6. Burgos PR. Global therapuetica approach to sarcopenia. Nutrición Hospitalaria. 2006; 21(Suppl 3): 51-60 (link)

  7. Cadilla R, Turnbull P. Selective androgen receptor modulators in drug discovery: Medicinal chemistry and therapeutic potential. Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry. 2006; 6: 245-270 (link)

  8. Castillo EM, Goodman-Gruen D, Kritz-Silverstein D, Morton DJ, Wingard DL, Barrett-Conner E.  Sarcopenia in elderly men and women:  The Rancho Bernardo study.  American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2003; 25:  226-231 (link)

  9. Chakravarthy MV, Booth FW, Spangenburg EE.  The molecular responses of skeletal muscle satellite cells to continuous expression of IGF-1:  Implications for the rescue of induced muscular atrophy in aged rats.  International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 2001; 11:  S44-S48 (link)

  10. Dorrens J, Rennie MJ.  Effects of ageing and human whole body and muscle protein turnover.  Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 2003; 13:  26-33 (link)

  11. Frontera WR, Hughes VA, Krivickas LS, Kim S, Foldvari M, Roubenoff R.  Strength training in older women:  Early and late changes in whole muscle and single cells.  Muscle & Nerve 2003; 27:  601-608 (link)

  12. Frontera WR, Suh D, Krivickas LS, Hughes VA, Goldstein R, Roubenoff R.  Skeletal muscle fiber quality in older men and women.  American Journal of Physiology:  Cell Physiology 2000; 279:  C611-C618 (link)

  13. Fulle S, Protasi F, Di Tano G, Pietrangelo T, Beltramin A, Boncompagni S, Vecchiet L, Fano G.  The contribution of reactive oxygen species to sarcopenia and muscle ageing.  Experimental Gerontology 2004; 39:  17-24 (link)

  14. Gallagher D, Ruts E, Visser M, Heshka S, Baumgartner, RN, Wang, J, Pierson RN, Pi-Sunyer FX, Heymsfield SB.  Weight stability masks sarcopenia in elderly men and women.  American Journal of Physiology 2000; 279:  E366-E375 (link)

  15. Guyton AC, Hall JE.  Textbook of medical physiology (9th ed.) 2000; Philadelphia:  W. B. Saunders Company, pg. 151.

  16. Hepple RT.  Sarcopenia:  A critical perspective.  Science of Aging:  Knowledge Envrironment 2003; 46:  31-37 (link)

  17. Herbst KL, Bhasin S.  Testosterone action on skeletal muscle.  Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care 2004; 7:  271-277  (link)

  18. Hinkle RT, Donnelly E, Cody D, Bauer MB, Isfort  RJ.  Urocortin II treatment reduces skeletal muscle mass and function loss during atrophy and increases nonatrophying skeletal muscle mass and function.  Endocrinology 2003; 144:  4939-4946 (link)

  19. Hinkle RT, Donnelly E, Cody DB, Samuelsson S, Lange JS, Bauer MB, Tarnopolsky M, Sheldon RJ, Coste SC, Tobar E, Stenzel-Poore MP, Isfort RJ.  Activation of the CRF 2 receptor modulates skeletal muscle mass under physiological and pathological conditions.  American Journal of Physiology 2003; 285:  E889-E898 (link)

  20. Janssen I, Baumgartner RN, Ross R, Rosenberg IH, Roubenoff R.  Skeletal muscle cutpoints associated with elevated physical disability risk in older men and women.  American Journal of Epidemiology 2004; 159:  413-421 (link)

  21. Janssen I, Shepard DS, Katzmarzyk PT, Roubenoff R.  The healthcare costs of sarcopenia in the United States.  The Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2004; 52:  80-85 (link)

  22. Kenny A, Dawson L, Kleppinger A, Iannuzzi-Sucich M, Judge JO.  Prevalence of sarcopenia and predictors of skeletal muscle mass in nonobese women who are long-term users of estrogen-replacement therapy.  The Journals of Gerontology 2003; 58:  M436-M440 (link)

  23. Kenny AM, Kleppigner A, Wang Y, Prestwood KM. Effects of ultra-low-dose estrogen therapy on muscle and physical function in older women. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2005; 53: 1973-1977 (link)

  24. Kosek DJ, Kim JS, Petrella JK, Cross JM, Bamman MM. Efficacy of 3 days/wk resistance training on myofiber hypertrophy and myogenic mechanisms in your vs. older adults. Journal of Applied Physiology 2006; 101:531-544 (link)

  25. LaStayo PC, Ewy GA, Pierotti DD, Johns RK, Lindstedt S.  The positive effects of negative work:  Increased muscle strength and decreased fall risk in a frail elderly population.  The Journals of Gerontology 2003; 58:  M419-M424 (link)

  26. Leeuwnburgh C.  Role of apoptosis in sarcopenia.  The Journals of Gerontology 2003; 58:  M999-M1001 (link)

  27. Leveille SG.  Musculoskeletal aging.  Current Opinion in Rheumatology 2004; 16:  114-118 (link)

  28. Macaluso A, De Vito G.  Muscle strength, power and adaptations to resistance training in older people.  European Journal of Applied Physiology 2004; 91:  450-472 (link)

  29. Magire JJ, Davenport AP.  Is urotensin-II the new endothelin?  British Journal of Pharmacology 2002; 137:  579-588 (link)

  30. Marcell.  Sarcopenia:  Causes, consequences, and preventions.  The Journals of Gerontology 2003; 58: M911-M916 (link)

  31. Marx JO, Kraemer WJ, Nindl BC, Larsson L.  Effects of aging on human skeletal muscle myosin heavy chain mRNA content and protein isoform expression.  The Journals of Gerontology 2002; 57:  B232-B238 (link)

  32. McKenzie D, Bua E, McKiernan S, Cao Z, Wanagat J, Aiken JM.  Mitochondrial DNA deletion mutations:  A causal role in sarcopenia.  The European Journal of Biochemistry 2002; 269:  2010-2015 (link)

  33. Mishra SK, Misra V.  Muscle sarcopenia:  An overview.  Acta Myologica 2003; 22: 43-47. (link)

  34. Morley JE, Baumgartner RN, Roubenoff R, Mayer J, Nair KS.  Sarcopenia.  Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 2001; 137:  231-243 (link)

  35. Mosoni L, Malmezat T, Valluy MC,  Houlier M, Attaix D, Mirand PP.  Lower recovery of muscle protein lost during starvation in old rats despite a stimulation of protein synthesis.  American Journal of Physiology 1999; 277:  E608-E616 (link)

  36. Narici MV, Maganaris CN. Adaptability of elderly human muscles and tendons to increased loading. Journal of Anatomy 2006; 208: 433-443 (link)

  37. Newman AB, Kupelian V, Visser M, Somonsick E, Goodpaster B, Nevitt M, Kritchevsky SB, Tylavsky FA, Rubin SM, Harris T.  Sarcopenia:  Alternative definitions and associations with lower extremity function.  The Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2003; 51:  1602-1609 (link)

  38. Pak JW, Herbst A, Bua E, Gokey N, McKenzie D, Aiken JM.  Mitochondrial DNA mutations as a fundamental mechanism in physiological declines with aging.  Aging Cell 2003; 2:  1-7 (link)

  39. Parise G, Yarasheski KE.  The utility of resistance exercise training and amino acid supplementation for reversing age-associated decrements in muscle protein mass and function.  Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care 2000; 3:  489-495  (link)

  40. Payette H, Roubenoff R, Jacques PF, Dinarello CA, Wilson PWF, Abad LW, Harris T.  Insulin-like growth factor-1 and interleukin 6 predict sarcopenia in very old community-living men and women:  The Framingham Heart Study.  Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2003; 51:  1237-1243 (link)

  41. Proctor DN, Balagopal P, Nair KS.  Age-related sarcopenia in humans is associated with reduced synthetic rates of specific muscle proteins. Journal of Nutrition 1998; 128: 351S-355S (link)

  42. Rolland Y, Lauwers-Cances V, Cournot M, Nourhashemi F, Reynish W, Riviere D, Vellas B, Grandjean H.  Sarcopenia, calf circumference, and physical function of elderly women:  A cross-sectional study.  Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2003; 51:  1120-1124 (link)

  43. Roubenoff R, Rall LC, Veldhuis JD, Kehayias JJ, Rosen C, Nicolson M, Lundgren N, Reichlin S.  The relationship between growth hormone kinetics and sarcopenia in postmenopausal women:  The role of fat mass and leptin.  Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1998; 83:  1502-1506 (link)

  44. Roubenoff R.  Sarcopenia:  Effects on body composition and function.  The Journals of Gerontology 2003; 58: M1012-M1017 (link)

  45. Ryan M, Butler-Browne G, Erzen I, Mouly  V, Thornell L, Wernig A, Ohlendieck K.  Persistent expression of the ά1s-dihydropyridine receptor in aged human skeletal muscle:  Implications for the excitation-contraction uncoupling hypothesis of sarcopenia.  International Journal of Molecular Medicine 2003; 11:  425-434 (link)

  46. Seguin R, Nelson ME.  The benefits of strength training for older adults.  American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2003; 25:  141-149 (link)

  47. Singh MAF, Ding W, Manfredi TJ, Solares GS, O'neill EF, Clements KM, Ryan ND, Kehayias JJ, Fielding RA, Evans WJ.  Insulin-like growth factor I in skeletal muscle after weight-lifting exercise in frail elders. American Journal of Physiology 1999; 277:  E135-E143 (link)

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  49. Visser M, Kritchevsky SB, Goodpaster BH, Newman AB, Nevitt M, Stamm E, Harris TB.  Leg muscle mass and composition in relation to lower extremity performance in men and women aged 70-79:  the health, aging and body composition study.  Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2002; 50:  897-904 (link)

  50. Volpi E, Kobayashi H, Sheffield-Moore M, Mittendorfer B, Wolfe RR.  Essential amino acids are primarily responsible for the amino acid stimulation of muscle protein anabolism in healthy elderly adults.  American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2003; 78:  250-258 (link)

  51. Volpi E, Sheffield-Moore M, Rasmussen BB, Wolfe RR.  Basal muscle amino acid kinetics and protein synthesis in healthy young and older men.  JAMA 2001; 286:  1206-1212 (link)

  52. Yarasheski KE, Bhasin S, Sinha-Hikim I, Pak-Loduca J, Gonzales-Cadavid NF.  Serum mysostatin-immunoreactive protein is increased in 60-92 year old women and men with muscle wasting.  The Journal of Nutrition, Health, & Aging 2002; 6:  343-348 (link)

  53. Yarasheski KE.  Exercise, aging, and muscle protein metabolism.  The Journals of Gerontology 2003; 58:  M918-M922 (link)

  54. Yarasheski KE.  Managing sarcopenia with progressive resistance exercise training.  The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging 2002; 6:  349-356 (link)

  55. Yarasheski KE, Pak-Loduca J, Hasten DL, Obert KA, Brown MB, Sinacore DR.  Resistance exercise training increases mixed muscle protein synthesis rate in frail women and men ≥ 76 yr old.  American Journal of  Physiology 1999; 277:  E118-E125 (link)

  56. Wanagat J, Cao Z, Pathare P, Aiken JM.  Mitodchondrial DNA deletion mutations colocalize with segmental elctron transport system abnormalities, muscle fiber atrophy, fiber splitting, and oxidative damage in sarcopenia.  The FASEB Journal 2001; 15:  322-332 (link)

  57. Zinna EM, Yarasheski KE.  Exercise treatment to counteract protein wasting of chronic diseases.  Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care 2003; 6:  87-93 (link)

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